Seneca Libraries APA Style Guide

You must "cite" sources that you have paraphrased, quoted or otherwise used to write your research paper. Cite your sources in two places:

(1) In the body of your paper where you add a brief in-text citation.

(2) In the References list at the end of your paper where you give more complete information for the source.

IN-TEXT CITATION

In-text citations are inserted in the body of your research paper to briefly document the source of your information. Brief in-text citations point the reader to more complete information in the reference list at the end of the paper.

• In-text citations include the last name of the author followed by a comma and the publication year enclosed in parentheses: (Smith, 2007).
• If the author's name is not given, then use the first word or words of the title: (Naturopathic, 2007).

Paraphrasing (using your own words)

• When you write the information in your own words, cite the source as follows:

Mother-infant attachment became a leading topic of developmental research following the publication of John Bowlby's studies (Hunt, 1993).

Or if you use the author's name in the sentence, then, include the year of publication following his/her name:

Hunt (1993) notes that mother-infant attachment became a leading topic of developmental research after the publication of John Bowlby's studies.

Quoting directly (taking words directly from a source)

• When you quote directly from a source, enclose the words in quotation marks and add the page number to the in-text citation:
  
  Mother-infant attachment has been a leading topic of developmental research since John Bowlby found that "children raised in institutions were deficient in emotional and personality development" (Hunt, 1993, p. 358).

• When you quote from electronic sources that do not provide page numbers (like Web pages), cite the heading and the paragraph number following it:
  
  

  Bowlby described "three phases of the separation response: protest, despair, and detachment" (Garelli, 2001, Bowlby's Initial Stance section, para. 3).

Works by More Than One Author

When you don't know the author

• When the author is not named, include the first one, two or three word(s) of the title and the year of publication.

How are these citations inserted in the text?: Examples

Professionals in Naturopathic medicine may suggest lifestyle changes in addition to prescribing alternate medications (Naturopathic, 2007).

Those that do not follow the diet correctly are risking unexpected side effects ("Atkins Cheaters", 2006).

For more information about in-text citation please see the Seneca Guide to Integrating Quotations and Paraphrasing Content (APA Style)

• Italicize the name and volume number of the journal or magazine, but not the issue or page numbers.
• Italicize the journal or magazine title and capitalize all important words within it.

Include the issue number only if the page numbering begins at 1 for each issue.

"Quoted passage"

(Marshall, 2008, p. 30)

OR

Paraphrased statement

(Marshall, 2008)

(Fan, 2008)

(Pekar, 2008)

(Anderson & Anderson, 2003)

("Outsmart Your Cravings," 2008)

Use double quotation marks around the title of an article or chapter in your in-text citation.

(Anonymous, 2008)

In-Text Citation Only

• References for photos/graphics are placed directly below the photo in the body of your research paper.
  

Basic format for graphs, charts, maps, drawings, and photographs is:

Figure X. Description of the figure. Adapted from "Title of Article", by A. A. Author, and B. B. Author, year, day, (magazine) or year (journal), Title of Magazine or Journal, volume number, page(s). Copyright year by name of copyright holder.

NOTE: If you refer to the photo later in the text of your paper use the figure number and a description.

• For newspaper articles, precede pages by "p." for a single page or "pp." for more than one page.
• Italicize the newspaper title and capitalize all important words within it.

If the article appears on discontinuous page numbers, list all page numbers separated by commas, e.g., A9, A11, A13.

(Schiller, 2008)

("Ontario has enough", 2004)

To cite journal, magazine and newspaper articles from a library database:

• Begin by citing the article as you would a print article. Follow examples provided under Journals and Magazines: In Print and under Newspapers: In Print.
  
• Some electronic content is assigned a unique number called a Digital Object Identifier (DOI). If a DOI is provided for an article, include it after the page number(s) of the article as doi:doi number (you do not need to put a period after a DOI number).
  
• If no DOI number is given, Seneca Libraries recommends that you add Retrieved from ______________ database as opposed to the URL for an article or database. This is to avoid difficulties with links.
  
• Note: If you would like to look up an article from a DOI number, click here and enter the DOI number where indicated.

When citing an article from a database, start by following formats for a print journal, magazine, or newspaper article.

First in-text citation:

(Bryan, Ward, & Hobbs, 2008)

Subsequent in-text citations:

(Bryan et al., 2008)

(Snow, 2008)

(Ashman, 2006)

(Kessel, 2007)

For articles accessed directly from the Internet (and not from a library database):

• Begin by citing the article first as you would a print article. (See Journals and Magazines: In Print and Newspapers: In Print.)
• Add: Retrieved from http://__________ (you do not need to put a period after a URL)

(Campbell, 2008)

(Bolduc, 2008)

Basic Format (One Author)

The abbreviation ed. stands for edition. If a book is a first edition, you do not need to list the edition in your citation.

(Tuckwell, 2006)

(Ansel & Stoklosa, 2006)

For in-text examples with three or more authors see "Works by More Than One Author" table

For six or more authors:

(Brown et al., 2008)

For more information on in-text citation for more than one author see "Works by More Than One Author" table

(Best Cover Letters, 2008)

Use the first few words of the title, omitting initial articles such as "The"

(National Fire Protection Association, 2006)

(Ettinger & Feldmen, 2000)

(Eamer, 2007)

(King & Wester, 1998)

("Crop circles", 2007)

Use double quotation marks around the title of an article or chapter

When the author is also the publisher, put the word "Author" in the publisher position.

(Health Council of Canada, 2007)

(Statistics Canada, 2008)

• Begin by citing the book in the same way you would
  cite a book in print . Do not include place of publication
  and name of publisher for eBooks.
• Add a DOI number if one is provided
• If no DOI number is provided, Seneca Libraries
  recommends that you include a retrieval statement:
  Retrieved from ________database.

(Burd, 2007)

(McCorduck, 2004)

The Seneca Libraries have paid for access to several reference databases, including: Access Science - McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, Britannica Online, Canadian Encyclopedia Online, Dictionary of Canadian Biography, Financial Post Advisor, Oxford Art Online, etc. These databases provide quick, factual information.

Use double quotation marks around the title of the article

("Climate", 2008)

• Use n.d. (no date) when a publication date or date of latest revision is not
  provided.
• If necessary, break the URL after the double slash following http://
  before a slash or before a period
• Give a retrieval date (i.e., the date the Web site was viewed) as the content
  of Web sites may change over time.

Basic Format (Corporate Author)

If the article has no date look for publication or copyright dates at the bottom of the page.

(Brown, 2001)

When no author is given, begin with the title of the article or document. Use n.d. if a publication or copyright date is not given.

(Thomson/CCBN, 2009)

Use italics for the title of the article or document

First in-text citation:

(Norris,Nixon, & Murray, 2006)

Subsequent in-text citations:

(Norris et al., 2006)

Use italics for the title of the job posting

(Field Service Technician, 2010)

Treat the user name the same as you would an author's name

(Kimchieffect, 2007)

(Statistics Canada, 2007)

In-Text Citation Only

• References for images are placed below the image in your research paper.
• Look for the copyright date and name of the copyright holder at the bottom of the website home page.




The basic format for graphs,charts,maps,drawings, and photographs is:

Figure X. Description of the image. Adapted from "Title of Web Document," by A.A. Author (if given), publication date (if given), Title of Website. Retrieved Month, day, year, from http:// www.websiteaddress.com. Copyright date by name of copyright holder.

Start with the title of the video recording or DVD when no director, producer or writer's name is known

(Era of Viruses, 2006)

Use italics for the title of the video recording or DVD

Start with the title of the episode when no director, producer or writer's name is known

(War Against Tobacco, 2000)

Omit initial articles such as "The"

Use italics for the title of the episode

(Otis, 2009)

In the References List you list the work you actually read as opposed to the work that is being quoted. In this example there was a quote from Freud within a book by Benjamin:

Freud (as cited in Benjamin, 2007, p. 118)